基于GIS的方向异性地形起伏度的地理日照时数计算     

李传华  赵军 《地理科学进展》2012,31(10):1334-1340

地形起伏是对日照形成遮挡的重要因素之一。随着太阳的运行, 相同的地形起伏在不同方位对日照的影响不同。基于此思想, 讨论了基于方向异性的地形起伏度的地理日照时数的计算, 并以全国634 个气象台站为对象, 推导了关于地形起伏度的地理日照经验模型。结果表明, 模型具有很好的拟合精度, 回归系数R²为0.841。由经验模型计算得到的全国地理日照时数与理论模型计算得到的日照时数, 两者相关系数为0.953。此模型只需地形起伏度便可计算地理日照时数, 参数简单易获取。气象站点坐标固定, 一定范围内地形起伏度也是一个定值, 地形起伏度可以作为站点计算地理日照的固定参数, 推广也较方便。  相似文献   

广西暴雨非均匀性分布特征研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

覃卫坚  李栋梁  雷雪梅  覃志年 《热带气象学报》2012,(2):258-264

利用广西1979—2008 年83 个气象观测站的逐日降水和NCEP/NCAR 再分析资料,采用蒙特卡罗检验等方法,计算和分析广西暴雨非均匀性分布及其变化特征。结果表明,广西暴雨主要发生在汛期(4—9 月),暴雨总站次约占全年总数的9 成;年暴雨量占全年总降水量的比例随年际变化有增加的趋势,即以后发生极端强降水的可能性增大。广西暴雨集中度分布为桂东大于桂西,桂西北和沿海地区的暴雨集中度变化趋势大部分为正趋势,桂东南大部分为负趋势。桂东北和西南地区暴雨集中期最晚,百色北部山区和桂东南地区最早,暴雨集中期气候趋势是桂东大部分地区和沿海地区有偏晚趋势,桂中和桂西大部分地区有偏早趋势。冬春季青藏高原南部和西太平洋高度场负距平,夏秋季副热带高压偏强、面积偏大、脊线偏西,这种稳定的东高西低形势有利于广西暴雨集中度偏大。冬季青藏高原南部和西太平洋地区的高度场均为正距平,春夏秋季青藏高原南部及西太平洋高度场的周期性变化特征使广西暴雨集中度偏小。夏季风强(弱)的年份孟加拉湾向广西输送的水汽通量少(大),低空风速小(大),造成广西除了北部山区和北海以外大部分地区暴雨集中度偏小(大)。   相似文献   

基于人居环境特征的青藏高原“无人区”空间界定     

李文君  李鹏  封志明  游珍  肖池伟 《地理学报》2021,76(9):2118-2129

青藏高原独特的高寒环境与自然条件在一定程度上限制了人口的自然分布与有序发展,形成了中国面积大、分布广的“无人区”（UPAs）。然而,当前有关“无人区”面积、分布、特征与区域差异等研究尚无定论。客观、准确界定“无人区”的空间范围,对开展青藏高原资源环境承载力评价、国家公园与生态安全屏障建设等具有重要意义。基于青藏高原居民点分布信息,据其地形、气候、生态、土地利用等要素特征,本文综合表征了居民点的自然—生态—土地利用耦合关系,率定了居民点分布上限的各要素阈值,通过多要素空间叠加构建了“无人区”评价综合模型,并以居民点分布的自然极限、生态（含氧量）下限、土地利用规律为关键阈值界定了青藏高原“无人区”空间范围并分析了其地理分布特征。研究表明：① 以居民点分布累计比例< 0.1%计,确定“无人区”的地形阈值为海拔> 5665 m、相对高差> 2402 m、地形起伏度> 8.59,气候阈值为相对湿度< 76.2%、温湿指数< 33或 > 71。② 根据居民点分布及人体对含氧量耐受情况,确定“无人区”的生态阈值为气压< 500 hpa、大气含氧量< 40%。③ 青藏高原严格“无人区”面积达1912 km²,其中新疆699 km²、四川413 km²、西藏331 km²、青海291 km²、甘肃178 km²。空间上呈零星分散状,多分布在四川贡嘎山、珠穆朗玛峰附近等极高山地区、可可西里东部—罗布泊地区;以及少部分分布在青海柴达木盆地。  相似文献   

陇东南地区短历时降水特征及其分布规律   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

张之贤  张强  赵庆云  张立阳 《中国沙漠》2013,33(4):1184-1190

本文使用1971-2000年的自动站逐日降水资料和2009-2010年的区域站逐时降水资料,研究了陇东南地区短历时降水的特征及其分布。研究发现4-9月是一年降水的主要时段,占到了80%以上,空间分布上从西北向东南迅速增大,离高原近的地区高低值中心较多,可能是因为高原季风和高原地形的影响更大;随持续时间的增加,峰值呈现出了反位相分布,并且振幅逐渐减弱;短历时降水无论是频数还是对降水的贡献都占了很大比例,有40.3%的降水事件属于短历时降水,甚至有部分测站短历时降水的贡献超过了90%,表明短历时降水是研究地区的一种重要降水形式;在短历时降水量构成中有19.4%的降水由短历时强降水产生,表明短历时强降水是短历时降水的重要组成部分;短历时强降水傍晚达到最大,此外还有一个次峰值是在午夜时分;用新定义的概念计算了研究地区的集中期和集中度分布,发现集中度普遍较大,基本在0.6以上,主要集中在7-8月,进一步印证了“七下八上”的主汛期。  相似文献   

Kinetic study of alkaline protease 894 for the hydrolysis of the pearl oyster Pinctada martensii     

陈忻  陈华  蔡冰娜  刘清钦  孙恢礼 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2013,31(3):591-597

A new enzyme (alkaline protease 894) obtained from the marine extremophile Flavobacterium yellowsea (YS-80-122) has exhibited strong substrate-binding and catalytic activity, even at low temperature, but the characteristics of the hydrolysis with this enzyme are still unclear. The pearl oyster Pinctada martensii was used in this study as the raw material to illustrate the kinetic properties of protease 894. After investigating the intrinsic relationship between the degree of hydrolysis and several factors, including initial reaction pH, temperature, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, and hydrolysis time, the kinetics model was established. This study showed that the optimal conditions for the enzymatic hydrolysis were an initial reaction pH of 5.0, temperature of 30°C, substrate concentration of 10% (w/v), enzyme concentration of 2 500 U/g, and hydrolysis time of 160 min. The kinetic characteristics of the protease for the hydrolysis of P. martensii were obtained. The inactivation constant was found to be 15.16/min, and the average relative error between the derived kinetics model and the actual measurement was only 3.04%, which indicated a high degree of fitness. Therefore, this study provides a basis for the investigation of the concrete kinetic characteristics of the new protease, which has potential applications in the food industry.  相似文献   

Impacts of transportation arteries on land use patterns in urban-rural fringe: A comparative gradient analysis of Qixia District, Nanjing City, China     

ZHANG Runsen  PU Lijie  ZHU Ming 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2013,23(3):378-388

Integrated transportation and land use studies are of major interest to planners because they consider the interaction between transportation development and land use change. Quantifying the impact of transport infrastructure on land use change is necessary for evaluating the role of transportation development in the process of land use and land cover change in the urban-rural fringe. Taking Qixia District of Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China as a typical urban-rural fringe area, this paper analyzes the patterns and characteristics of land use change along three major transportation arteries using land use data from 2000 and 2008. We examine the spatial differentiation and gradient of land use pattern around railway, expressway, and highway corridors to investigate whether land use change in the urban-rural fringe is related to distance from transportation arteries and to clarify the varying impacts of different forms of transport infrastructure on land use patterns. We find that construction land generally tends to be located close to major transportation arteries, and that railways have the most obvious influence on land use change in the urban-rural fringe, while the impact of expressways was not significant. We conclude that there exists a causal relationship between the presence of transportation arteries and land use change in the urban-rural fringe, but this relationship varies across different types of linear transport infrastructure.  相似文献   

Non-coordination in China＇s Urbanization： Assessment and Affecting Factors   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

SUN Pingjun  SONG Wei  XIU Chunliang  LIANG Zhenming 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2013,23(6):729-739

Urbanization is a comprehensive concept, a trinity process that population urbanization, economic urbanization and space urbanization, is based on the interactions and mutual influences among the in which, people are the central and leading players in this process, while economic activities serve as the driving force and space is the carrier-the physical or material setting as well as the product. So the coordination among these processes is crucial for a country or region＇s sustainable development. China is experiencing rapid growth of cities and a surge in urban population, with the basic national condition of many people and little land, which calls for a systematic study of the issue of coordinated urbanization from theoretical, methodological and practical perspectives. Based on the concept of urbanization and non-coordination of urbanization, this article built a quantitative method to identify and evaluate the urbanization and non-coordination of urbanization, and made an empirical analysis in China between 2000 and 2008. The results show that the non-coordination overall level of China＇s urbanization declined during the study period, because population urbanization, economic urbanization, and space urbanization exhibited different trajectories of change. This study also reveals that performance assessment system, household registration system, and urban land expropriation system, etc., are the main affecting factors. At the end, we put forward some suggestions to achieve sustainable development of China＇s urbanization from the aspects of improving the local government＇s obiective function, imolementing the urban plalming svstem, enforcing public particination asnects and so on.  相似文献   

中国的地形起伏度及其与人口分布的相关性   总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7  

封志明  唐焰  杨艳昭  张丹 《地理学报(英文版)》2008,18(2):237-246

The relief degree of land surface （RDLS） is an important factor for describing the landform at macro-scales. This study defines a concept for RDLS and applies the concept for population distribution study of the entire country. Based on the concept and macro-scale digital elevation model datum and ARC/INFO software, the RDLS at a 10 km×10 km grid size of China is extracted. This paper depicts systemically the spatial distributions of RDLS through analyzing the ratio structure and altitudinal characters of RDLS in China. The conclusions are drawn as follows： the RDLS in more than 63% of the area is less than one （1） （relative altitude is less than 500 m）, reflecting the fact that most of RDLS in China is low. In general, the RDLS in the west is larger than that in the east and so is the south than that of the north in China. The RDLS decreases with the increase of longitude and latitude and the change of RDLS at the latitudes of 28°N, 35°N, 42°N, as well as at the longitudes of 85°E, 102°E, 115°E could reflect the three major ladders of China. In the vertical direction, the RDLS increases with the increase of altitude. Analysis of the correlation between RDLS and population distribution in China and its regional difference shows that the R2 value between RDLS and population density is 0.91 and RDLS is an important factor influencing the spatial distribution of population. More than 85% of the people in China live in areas where the RDLS is less than one （1）, while the population in areas with RDLS greater than 3 accounts only for 0.57% of the total. The regional difference of correlation between RDLS and population within China is significant and such correlation is significant in Central China and South China and weak in Inner Mongolia and Tibet.  相似文献   

地震非均匀度物理意义的实验研究   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文

李志雄  马胜利  李圣强  李闽峰  路鹏  陈华静  王松  吴婷 《地震学报》2005,27(6):682-690

资料表明某些强地震前中小地震的地震非均匀度（GL值）参数在强地震孕育进入中期或短期阶段出现明显异常变化, 显示出区域中小地震活动状态发生变化. 本文通过对含有障碍体的平直断层、 挤压型雁列式断层及Ⅲ型剪切裂纹等3种类型的岩石样本变形破坏过程声发射事件时间序列的分析, 讨论了GL值变化的物理意义. 计算结果表明, 这3种标本变形破坏过程中, 在应力应变处于非弹性阶段前夕或在岩石整体破裂失稳前破裂成核期间, GL值出现持续大于１的异常变化. 表明GL值能较好地刻画受压岩石破坏前的应变的非弹性变化, 具有一定的标本破裂指示意义.   相似文献   

锆石变生程度与放射性元素含量间的定量研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

尹作为  路凤香  陈美华  郭杰 《地质科技情报》2005,24(4):45-49

为获得锆石变生程度与放射性元素质量分数之间的相互关系,对来自山东蒙阴金伯利岩中的锆石进行了阴极发光、激光拉曼光谱、离子探针测试和研究.研究表明,锆石样品的年龄近于一致;按照拉曼光谱特征峰1000cm-1左右的强度/半高宽比值和放射元素质量分数(wB)可以将锆石分为全晶质锆石、弱变生锆石、变生锆石、强变生锆石4类.放射元素总质量分数(wB)与拉曼光谱特征峰1000cm-1左右的强度/半高宽比值(H/W,设为r)之间符合经验关系方程:(1/r)1/2=1.3×10-2·(wB/10-6)1/2—0.11,可以借助锆石在1000cm-1左右的拉曼光谱特征峰值强度/半高宽比值并采用这一经验关系方程来大致计算出拉曼测试位置的放射性元素的质量分数.  相似文献